The city was founded around 540 AD by Greeks who had moved inland from the coast of Basilicata. Back then Craco was called “Montedoro”. Tombs have been found here dating to the 8th century, which suggests that the original settlement dates back to the Iron age. The first written account mentioning Craco dates back to 1060 AD, when the land was owned by Archbishop Arnaldo, Bishop of Tricarico. He called the area “GRACHIUM” which means “from the little plowed field.” The oldest building of Craco, the Norman Tower, was built in 1040 and many of Craco’s buildings date back to medieval times.
Norman Tower, Craco, Itlay (Michela R/ CC BY NC ND 2.0 )
From 1154 to 1168, the control of the village passed to “Eberto”, who established the first feudal control over the town. In 1179, Roberto di Pietrapertos became the ruler of Craco, and in 1276 a university was established. It was during this period that the landmark Castle Tower was built under the direction of Attendolo Sforza, and in 1293 under Federico II it became a prison.
By the 15th century, four large plazas had developed in the town including the Palazzo Maronna, Palazzo Grossi, Palazzo Carbone, and Palazzo Simonetti.
The population of Craco grew from 450 in 1277 to 2,590 in 1561, and averaged around 1,500 in succeeding centuries. The construction of the Monastery of St Peter in 1630 helped establish a permanent monastic order. In an agricultural community built largely on the production of grain, oil, vegetables, wine and cotton, the monastery helped drive the economy through the introduction of science and religion.
However, in 1656 a plague struck Craco, killing hundreds and reducing the population significantly. Towards the end of the 19th century, the city reached its maximum expansion limits. A severe famine due to poor agricultural conditions caused a mass migration of Craco’s population, about 1,300 inhabitants, to North America between the years 1892 and 1922.
Since Craco was built on a hill, composed of clay-rich soil of various types of red, green, and dark grey clay, with different levels of drainage the terrain was highly unstable. This caused Craco to be affected by many landslides of natural origin, in 1600, 1805, 1857, and 1933.
Surviving for over a thousand years, the town survived the plagues and its share of thieves and bandits, but finally succumbed to natural disaster when landslides occurred during the 1950s up through the early 1970s.
Despite the precarious living conditions, many of the “Crachesi” (inhabitants of Craco) were still very much attached to their beautiful medieval town and refused to leave. In the 1950’s, the soil conditions of the town deteriorated further, causing more landslides and making the town and the buildings dangerous to live in. Periodic earthquakes were a secondary cause of destruction.
Ruins of Craco, Italy. ( Tiziano Casadio /Adobe Stock)
In 1963, the last 1,800 residents were forced to leave Craco for their own safety and were relocated to Craco Peschiera, a new town in the valley below just a few kilometers away. For years, the displaced citizens were forced to live in tent cities and barracks as the government struggled to create housing options for the afflicted.
The Patron Saint of Craco: San Vincenzo
Craco’s medieval churches remain a focal point of the settlement and six religious festivals are held at the city each year between May and October. There is a small church which houses the religious relics of the mummified body of St. Vincenzo, the martyred patron saint of the town. San Vincenzo was a soldier in the Legion of Tebea, the army of General Massimiliano in 286 AD who was martyred because he refused to renounce Christianity and worship the Emperor Marco Aurelio. His relic was brought to the town on June 4th, 1792, and moved to the new church after the old town collapsed. Inside the casket is the waxen body of the martyr, dressed as a Roman soldier and lying in a reclining position.
Reclining statue of San Vincenzo, the patron saint of Craco, Italy. (Thecracosociety/ CC BY SA 3.0 )
Modern Craco: A Site for Tourism and Festivals
Today, Craco has been abandoned, plundered, overgrown and is no longer accessible to the public, except by guided tour. While the town has fallen into ruin, several of the buildings, palaces, and churches still remain intact with original features like shutters, railings, and frescoes serving as a reminder of the life that once existed within the walls.
Other than that, the village receives visits from travelers and the occasional film production. Like other ghost towns covering the Italian countryside, Craco is now the focus of conservation efforts. In 2010, it was added to the Watch List by the World Monuments Fund. As tourism has increased, the local municipality has also secured both EU and regional funding, which brings in concerts, festivals, and cultural events as well as funds that
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